Chlorhexidine Disinfection: A Comprehensive Guide

Chlorhexidine Disinfection

1. Key Characteristics

• Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity: Effective against bacteria (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative), fungi, and some viruses.

• Long-Lasting Effect: Forms a protective film on skin or mucous membranes, providing several hours of residual antimicrobial action.

• Low Irritation: Generally mild on skin and mucous membranes, suitable for routine use.

• Low Resistance Development: Bacteria develop resistance to chlorhexidine more slowly compared to other disinfectants like alcohol.

2. Common Applications

• Medical Field:

  • Preoperative skin disinfection for healthcare workers and patients.

  • Wound irrigation (diluted) for minor cuts or oral ulcers.

  • Disinfection of medical instruments (e.g., thermometers, forceps).

• Oral Care:

  • Mouthwash to prevent dental plaque, gingivitis, and oral infections.

  • Toothpaste additive to reduce oral bacteria and gum bleeding.

• Daily Disinfection:

  • Hand sanitizers (some alcohol-free formulations contain chlorhexidine).

  • Skin disinfection for abrasions, burns, or insect bites.

  • Surface cleaning (e.g., door handles, countertops) when diluted.

3. Precautions

• Avoid contact with eyes and ears to prevent irritation or damage.

• Not for oral ingestion; seek medical help if accidentally swallowed.

• Rare allergic reactions may occur (e.g., rash, redness).

• Incompatible with regular soap (anionic surfactants reduce efficacy); rinse off soap residue before use.

• Consult a doctor before use during pregnancy or for children.

4. Common Formulations

• Chlorhexidine Solution: Concentrations range from 0.05% to 4% for skin disinfection or mouthwash.

• Chlorhexidine-Alcohol Solution: Enhanced disinfection, often used for preoperative skin preparation.

• Chlorhexidine Gel/Ointment: For wound care or oral ulcers.

• Chlorhexidine Wipes: Portable for hand or surface cleaning.

5. Comparison with Other Disinfectants

• vs. Alcohol (e.g., 75% Ethanol):
  Chlorhexidine offers longer-lasting effects, but alcohol acts faster and has broader virucidal activity.

• vs. Povidone-Iodine:
  Iodine is more effective against fungi and viruses but may stain skin and has shorter residual activity than chlorhexidine.